Alpha GPC:

Alpha-GPC has been shown to increase release of the neurotransmitter Acetyl-Choline (ACH) and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic factor (BDNF). GPC can enhance memory and cognitive function (1).

Bacopa Monnieri extract:

Bacopa is a plant native to India that is used in Ayurvedic medicine. It works synergistically with Alpha-GPC to improve the action of Acetyl-Choline (ACH). It has been described as a calming cognitive enhancer. It can enhance gaba production and reduce excitability, which helps with rapid response decision making (2). 

Phosphatidylserine:

Phosphatidylserine is required for healthy nerve cell membranes and myelin. Aging of the human brain is associated with biochemical alterations and structural deterioration that impair neurotransmission. Exogenous PS (300-800 mg/d) is absorbed efficiently in humans, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and safely slows, halts, or reverses biochemical alterations and structural deterioration in nerve cells. It supports human cognitive functions, including the formation of short-term memory, the consolidation of long-term memory, the ability to create new memories, the ability to retrieve memories, the ability to learn and recall information, the ability to focus attention and concentrate, the ability to reason and solve problems, language skills, and the ability to communicate. It also supports locomotor functions, especially rapid reactions and reflexes (3). 

Gingko Extract:

Gingko can help improve cerebral blood flow and enhance dopamine action in the brain. It can also act as an antioxidant in the brain and reduce oxidative stress (4).

Golden root Extract (rhodiola rosea)

Rhodiola rosea, a herb commonly used in traditional medicine, can act as a nootropic by modulating neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin, which are essential for cognitive function and mood regulation. It can also exhibit adaptogenic properties, helping the body adapt to stressors and improving mental resilience. Rhodiola rosea has been shown to enhance cognitive performance, memory, and focus (5). 

Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE):

Dimethylaminoethanol (DMAE) functions as a nootropic by potentially increasing the production of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter crucial for memory and learning processes in the brain. DMAE is believed to enhance cognitive function, focus, and attention (6).

Huperzine A:

Huperzine A can act as an acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor , which can reduce the breakdown of acetylcholine (ACH) in the brain. Many of the other ingredients in this formula can help increase the production of acetylcholine (ACH), so huperzine works synergistically with those. Acetylcholine (ACH) can help improve attention span, learning, reaction time, memory, mood, and motivation (7).

Methylcobalamin:

Methylated form of vitamin B-12. Essential for multiple metabolic pathways. 

Niacin:

Vitamin B3. Essential for multiple metabolic pathways and can help improve vascular function and circulation. 

Bioprene: 

Bioprene can help enhance the uptake of these ingredients into the bloodstream. 

Sources:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10025538/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589635/ 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25933483/ 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8901348/ 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9228580/ 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22300295/ 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4003111/ 

* This statement has not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.  This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.